Decision Making

The Ladder of Inference

A practical guide to questioning assumptions and making better decisions based on facts.

A practical guide to understanding how we move from facts to assumptions, conclusions and actions - and how to slow down the process when our thinking may lead us in the wrong direction.

Practical Learning
Downloadable Resources
Learn at Your Own Pace
Real-World Application
29.09.2026
1 LEARNING RESOURCES
DECISION MAKING

About this resource

Practical learning resources

This resource includes:
Critical Thinking
Better Decisions
Fact-Based Reasoning
Avoiding Assumptions

About this resource

Practical learning resources

This resource includes:
Critical Thinking
Better Decisions
Fact-Based Reasoning
Avoiding Assumptions
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Main Content

This resource introduces the Ladder of Inference, a thinking model developed by Chris Argyris and used by Peter Senge. It explores how we move from reality and facts through selected data, interpretation, assumptions, conclusions and beliefs to action. The resource also provides practical steps for questioning your reasoning, checking the facts, testing assumptions and working back up the ladder to reach more grounded conclusions.

Slutningsstigen - (Norwegian)
PDF • 1.57 MB
Slutsatsens stege - (Swedish)
PDF • 1.57 MB
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